Frederic joliot curie biography of barack
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Robert S. Norris’s Interview (2018)
The French government and the Norwegian government agreed to move 185 kilograms of heavy water out of Norway into France. This is in, I think the spring, March [actually April] 1940. But the Germans invaded France as well, so the water was again in danger. The assistants to Frédéric, Halban and Kowarski, smuggled the water out of Bordeaux on a British ship that went to Britain and was saved.
That’s always an interesting part of the story of the early days of what eventually became the Manhattan Project. Heavy water was of concern, and it shows a recognition of how to make a bomb.
The suspicion in the West, in Britain and in the United States was that the Germans were up to no good and they were going to build a bomb, and they were going to use heavy water as a moderator, which is one several ways of doing it. You can do it with graphite also, which is another route. The heavy water was produced for commercial purposes. But also, it could be used in making an atomic bomb by introducing itself into a reactor and have the reactor make highly-enriched uranium and plutonium and so on and so forth, or uranium and plutonium.
It had to be destroyed, basically. The story of the destruction of the plant at Vemork is a fantastic one, with Bri
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Nobel Prize
Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895
Award
The Nobel Prizes (noh-BEL; Swedish: Nobelpriset[nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]; Norwegian: Nobelprisen[nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩]) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the Nobel Foundation.[2] Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. A sixth prize for Economic Sciences, endowed by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the Nobel Foundation.[2][4][5] The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.[6][7]
The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a laureate, receives a green goldmedal plated with 24 karat gold, a diploma, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 kr, amounting to approximately US$1,035,000.
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